Complete 2025 NFL Draft EDGE Rankings:
You are currently viewing our edge rusher rankings for the 2025 NFL Draft. The 2025 edge rusher class has a chance to produce a ton of first round picks, but how many will succeed?
Our top edge prospects are selected after thousands of hours carefully scouting the most talented defensive ends and outside linebackers in college football. Even though only about 30 will get selected in the draft, a lot more are signed as free agents, and many more receive a training camp invite.
We’ll provide you with inside information to help you know who will be a star, who will be a bust, and which sleepers will shock the world.
BNB Football is the best place for in-depth analysis of 2025 NFL draft edge rusher prospects at all levels of college football. To view other positions, follow the links below.
(Last Updated: March 9, 2025)
1. Abdul Carter, Penn State
OLB/DE | 6’3″ | 260 lbs | 3rd Year
Abdul Carter is a superstar prospect in every sense of the term, and what’s scary is that 2024 was his first year as a full time edge rusher.
Carter’s combination of speed, power, and bend is as good as any pass rusher in the class. While he’s not exceptionally big, he has solid length and an extremely strong build to hold his lane against the run. His pass rushing moves looked much more refined in 2024, with an unstoppable rip through and the ability to chain together counter moves.
Teams will also love his experience dropping back in coverage, especially if he lands in a 3-4 scheme. Mid way through the season the biggest weakness in his game was play recognition, particularly identifying pullers in the run game. Even in that aspect he’s seen impressive improvement through the course of the season.
Abdul Carter 2024 Stats
16 games: 68 tackles, 23.5 tackles for loss, 12 sacks, 4 passes defended, 2 fumble forced
2. Mike Green, Marshall
OLB/DE | 6’4″ | 245 lbs | 4th Year
Mike Green didn’t go to a big time program, but he is 100% a big time talent. You’re not going to find another player in this draft with the combination of elite speed, elite motor, and refined technique relative to their position group.
Green is seemingly in the backfield as soon as the ball is snapped on almost every play. He’s exceptionally twitchy with a jump cut and dip move to get under and around offensive lineman, and he’s simply always around the football.
He’s a hard hitter who forces fumbles, and has a fast reaction time to identify and diagnose run vs pass. Green is a little smaller than average for a defensive end, which could make him just a pass rush specialist early in his career instead of an every down player in the eyes of some coaches. Personally, I think the incredible motor outweighs that. All he does is make plays.
Mike Green 2024 Stats
13 games: 84 tackles, 22.5 tackles for loss, 17 sacks, 2 passes defended, 3 fumbles forced
3. Donovan Ezeiruaku, Boston College
DE/OLB | 6’2″ | 248 lbs | 4th Year
Donovan Ezeiruaku is an incredibly twitchy edge rusher who plays with a relentless motor. Ezeiruaku led power conference players in sacks this past season despite only playing 12 games. He consistently won with speed and inside moves, leaving tackles lunging at air.
While he’s undersized for an NFL edge rusher, he compensates with his length. His arms were among the longest of any edge rusher at the Senior Bowl, helping him separate from offensive linemen and contain the edge against the run.
Ezeiruaku has a fast first step and a refined pass rushing repertoire. He could be better against the run, but he’s far from a liability. If he played for a blue blood program, everyone would be talking about him as a high first round pick.
Donovan Ezeiruaku 2024 Stats
12 games: 80 tackles, 20.5 tackles for loss, 16.5 sacks, 1 pass defended, 3 fumbles forced
4. Nic Scourton, Texas A&M
DE | 6’4″ | 285 lbs | 3rd Year
Nic Scourton is a massive defensive end (6’4″ 285 pounds) with effortless strength to collapse the pocket and blow up run plays. He demanded consistent double teams this past season and still managed to constantly disrupt plays particular as a run stopper.
Scourton has advanced pass rushing technique, with multiple moves and really strong hands. His football IQ shines through on tape, and he plays like a multi-year NFL veteran.
The problems for Scourton aren’t going to be easy to fix. He doesn’t have ideal bend for a true edge rusher, showing some tightness in his hips. He’s also a half step behind the rest of the top edge rushers in terms of his initial burst off the line.
Nic Scourton 2024 Stats
12 games: 37 tackles, 14 tackles for loss, 5 sacks, 2 passes defended, 1 fumble forced
5. Mykel Williams, Georgia
DE/OLB | 6’5″ | 260 lbs | 3rd Year
Mykel Williams is a raw, toolsy prospect who looks the part of a prototypical NFL defensive end. At 6’5″ 265 pounds with long arms and natural bend, Williams has the physical traits that match his tough mentality.
Williams has impressive full body strength and flexibility, along with a strong first step.
While he’s seen a fair number of snaps in each of his 3 college seasons, he’s continued to have a similar set of problems each year: He’s very slow to recognize plays and tends to be the last player to get out of his stance. It’s an unusual problem for an athlete of his quality, but will need to be ironed out if he’s going to reach his full potential.
Mykel Williams 2024 Stats
12 games: 21 tackles, 8.5 tackles for loss, 5 sacks, 1 pass defended, 2 fumbles forced
Complete 2025 EDGE Draft Rankings
| RANK | NAME | SCHOOL | AGE | HT | WT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Abdul Carter | Penn State | 3rd | 6'3" | 260 |
| 2 | Mike Green | Marshall | 4th | 6'3" | 251 |
| 3 | Donovan Ezeiruaku | Boston College | 4th | 6'3" | 248 |
| 4 | Nic Scourton | Texas A&M | 3rd | 6'3" | 257 |
| 5 | Mykel Williams | Georgia | 3rd | 6'5" | 260 |
| 6 | Shemar Stewart | Texas A&M | 3rd | 6'5" | 267 |
| 7 | James Pearce Jr. | Tennessee | 3rd | 6'5" | 245 |
| 8 | JT Tuimoloau | Ohio State | 4th | 6'4" | 265 |
| 9 | Jack Sawyer | Ohio State | 4th | 6'4" | 260 |
| 10 | Kyle Kennard | South Carolina | 5th | 6'4" | 254 |
| 11 | Jordan Burch | Oregon | 5th | 6'4" | 279 |
| 12 | Bradyn Swinson | LSU | 5th | 6'4" | 255 |
| 13 | Princely Umanmielen | Ole Miss | 5th | 6'4" | 244 |
| 14 | Oluwafemi Oladejo | UCLA | 4th | 6'3" | 259 |
| 15 | Landon Jackson | Arkansas | 4th | 6'6" | 264 |
| 16 | Jared Ivey | Ole Miss | 5th | 6'6" | 274 |
| 17 | Josaiah Stewart | Michigan | 4th | 6'1" | 249 |
| 18 | Tyler Baron | Miami (FL) | 5th | 6'5" | 258 |
| 19 | Antwaun Powell-Ryland | Virginia Tech | 5th | 6'3" | 258 |
| 20 | Jah Joyner | Minnesota | 5th | 6'4" | 262 |
| 21 | Ashton Gillotte | Louisville | 4th | 6'3" | 264 |
| 22 | Fadil Diggs | Syracuse | 5th | 6'4" | 257 |
| 23 | Sai'vion Jones | LSU | 4th | 6'5" | 280 |
| 24 | Barryn Sorrell | Texas | 4th | 6'3" | 256 |
| 25 | Kaimon Rucker | North Carolina | 5th | 6'1" | 254 |
| 26 | Ahmed Hassanein | Boise State | 4th | 6'2" | 267 |
| 27 | David Walker | Central Arkansas | 6th | 6'1" | 263 |
| 28 | Elijah Roberts | SMU | 5th | 6'4" | 285 |
| 29 | Tyler Batty | BYU | 5th | 6'6" | 271 |
| 30 | Collin Oliver | Oklahoma State | 4th | 6'2" | 240 |
| 31 | Desmond Evans | North Carolina | 5th | 6'6" | 275 |
| 32 | Steve Linton | Baylor | 6th | 6'4" | 242 |
| 33 | Seth Coleman | Illinois | 6th | 6'3" | 242 |
| 34 | Jalen McLeod | Auburn | 5th | 6'2" | 241 |
| 35 | BJ Green II | Colorado | 4th | 6'0" | 259 |
| 36 | Xavier Carlton | California | 5th | 6'5" | 273 |
| 37 | Desmond Little | UAB | 6th | 6'6" | 240 |
| 38 | Brian Ugwu | Miami (OH) | 6th | 6'3" | 255 |
| 39 | Ethan Downs | Oklahoma | 4th | 6'4" | 269 |
| 40 | Danny Striggow | Minnesota | 5th | 6'4" | 255 |
| 41 | RJ Oben | Notre Dame | 6th | 6'3" | 255 |
| 42 | Brendan Mott | Kansas State | 6th | 6'5" | 245 |
| 43 | Jasheen Davis | Wake Forest | 5th | 6'3" | 270 |
| 44 | Que Robinson | Alabama | 5th | 6'4" | 243 |
| 45 | Connor O'Toole | Utah | 5th | 6'4" | 250 |
| 46 | JJ Weaver | Kentucky | 6th | 6'4" | 250 |
| 47 | Van Fillinger | Utah | 5th | 6'4" | 255 |
| 48 | Garmon Randolph | Baylor | 6th | 6'7" | 266 |
| 49 | Kydran Jenkins | Purdue | 5th | 6'1" | 260 |
| 50 | Jahfari Harvey | SMU | 6th | 6'4" | 250 |
| 51 | Ty French | West Virginia | 5th | 6'3" | 230 |
| 52 | Aaron Lewis | Rutgers | 5th | 6'5" | 260 |
| 53 | Chico Bennett Jr. | Virginia | 6th | 6'4" | 255 |
| 54 | John Pius | Wisconsin | 5th | 6'2" | 235 |
| 55 | Tyrin Bradley | West Virginia | 4th | 6'2" | 255 |
| 56 | Sylvain Yondjouen | Georgia Tech | 6th | 6'4" | 250 |
| 57 | Chaz Chambliss | Georgia | 4th | 6'2" | 242 |
| 58 | Kevin Swint | Georgia State | 5th | 6'3" | 245 |
| 59 | Nana Osafo-Mensah | TCU | 6th | 6'3" | 265 |
| 60 | Steven Parker | Texas State | 6th | 6'4" | 235 |
| 61 | Deontae Craig | Iowa | 5th | 6'3" | 265 |
| 62 | Jereme Robinson | Kansas | 5th | 6'3" | 255 |
| 63 | Josh Pearcy | Rice | 6th | 6'2" | 245 |
| 64 | Leonard Henry IV | Saginaw Valley State | 4th | 6'4" | 260 |
| 65 | Daylan Dotson | UCF | 5th | 6'3" | 255 |
| 66 | Diwun Black | Temple | 6th | 6'3" | 240 |
| 67 | Jared Bartlett | Cincinnati | 6th | 6'2" | 240 |
| 68 | Elijah Williams | Morgan State | 4th | 6'3" | 270 |
| 69 | Elijah Ponder | Cal Poly | 5th | 6'2" | 257 |
| 70 | Khris Bogle | Michigan State | 6th | 6'4" | 245 |
| 71 | MJ Sherman | Nebraska | 5th | 6'3" | 245 |
| 72 | Justin Reed | Navy | 4th | 6'3" | 265 |
| 73 | Kameron Butler | Virginia | 7th | 6'3" | 260 |
| 74 | Josiah Silver | New Hampshire | 5th | 6'2" | 245 |
| 75 | Elijah Robinson | Hawaii | 7th | 6'4" | 250 |
| 76 | Hayden Harris | Montana | 6th | 6'5" | 255 |
| 77 | Antonio Doyle | UNLV | 5th | 6'3" | 255 |
| 78 | Shitta Sillah | Purdue | 6th | 6'4" | 240 |
| 79 | Syrus Webster | Washington State | 4th | 6'4" | 255 |
| 80 | Sione Nusi Lolohea | Florida State | 5th | 6'3" | 265 |
| 81 | Matt Jaworski | Fordham | 4th | 6'5" | 260 |
| 82 | Joey Petersen | Iowa State | 4th | 6'4" | 260 |
| 83 | Mylic Ritche | Black Hills State | 6th | 6'4" | 255 |
| 84 | Ben McNaboe | Ohio | 6th | 6'3" | 250 |
| 85 | Quincy Robinson | Bluefield | 5th | 6'3" | 240 |
| 86 | Jeremiah Grant | Richmond | 6th | 6'2" | 245 |
| 87 | Phillip Webb | Jackson State | 5th | 6'5" | 265 |
| 88 | Sione Lolohea | Florida State | 5th | 6'3" | 265 |
| 89 | Johnny Walker Jr. | Missouri | 5th | 6'3" | 246 |
| 90 | Brody Grebe | Montana State | 4th | 6'3" | 250 |
| 91 | Nusi Malani | Washington State | 5th | 6'4" | 265 |
| 92 | Jayden Broughton | South Carolina State | 4th | 6'2" | 235 |
| 93 | Matt Harmon | Kent State | 7th | 6'6" | 240 |
| 94 | Treqwan Thomas | Alabama State | 5th | 6'1" | 235 |
| 95 | Jamil Muhammad | USC | 6th | 6'1" | 260 |
| 96 | Khairi Manns | James Madison | 6th | 6'3" | 240 |
| 97 | Devo Bridges | Fresno State | 6th | 6'2" | 255 |
| 98 | Jalan Gaines | Illinois State | 5th | 6'4" | 245 |
| 99 | Jeremiah Ojo | Montreal | 4th | 6'3" | 240 |
| 100 | Hunter O'Connor | Chadron State | 5th | 6'3" | 260 |
| 101 | Amin Vanover | Penn State | 5th | 6'4" | 260 |
| 102 | Myles Menges | Fort Hays State | 6th | 6'4" | 260 |
| 103 | Elijah Alston | Miami (FL) | 6th | 6'2" | 255 |
| 104 | Trace Ford | Oklahoma | 6th | 6'2" | 260 |
| 105 | Prince Dorbah | Arizona State | 5th | 6'2" | 240 |
| 106 | Luke Clark | Furman | 5th | 6'3" | 255 |
| 107 | Kale Edwards | New Mexico State | 6th | 6'5" | 245 |
| 108 | Jack Barton | Connecticut | 6th | 6'4" | 265 |
| 109 | Jacob Mangum-Farrar | Indiana | 7th | 6'4" | 255 |
| 110 | Brandon Berger | Ball State | 5th | 6'4" | 250 |
| 111 | Shaun Balkcom | Delaware Valley | 4th | 6'4" | 255 |
| 112 | Tramel Logan | Louisville | 5th | 6'4" | 250 |
| 113 | Donnell Brown | Maryland | 6th | 6'3" | 240 |
| 114 | Kemari Munier-Bailey | Weber State | 5th | 6'3" | 230 |
| 115 | Terrell Allen | Tulane | 6th | 6'0" | 275 |
| 116 | Malachi Bailey | Alcorn State | 5th | 6'2" | 260 |
| 117 | Eric Phillips | Cincinnati | 6th | 6'3" | 260 |
| 118 | Jalil Clemons | Southern Miss | 6th | 6'3" | 240 |
| 119 | J-Rock Swain | Jacksonville State | 5th | 5'10" | 255 |
| 120 | Anton Juncaj | Arkansas | 5th | 6'3" | 275 |
| 121 | Camar Kyle | Winston-Salem State | 4th | 6'3" | 230 |
| 122 | Gilber Edmond | South Carolina | 5th | 6'4" | 255 |
| 123 | Flex Ruiz | New Hampshire | 4th | 6'1" | 260 |
| 124 | Jamae Blank | UNC-Pembroke | 5th | 6'3" | 225 |
| 125 | Jake Fisher | NW Missouri State | 6th | 6'5" | 260 |
| 126 | Deeve Harris | Marshall | 6th | 6'2" | 225 |
| 127 | Noah Benza | Morehead State | 5th | 6'4" | 255 |
| 128 | Caiden Woullard | Oklahoma | 4th | 6'4" | 265 |
| 129 | Alex Aitchison | Coe | 5th | 6'6" | 255 |
| 130 | John Ward | San Jose State | 6th | 6'4" | 245 |
| 131 | Darion Smith | Missouri State | 5th | 6'4" | 245 |
| 132 | Marlem Louis | San Diego State | 6th | 6'3" | 250 |
| 133 | Nicholas Oliveira-Chace | Eastern Illinois | 4th | 6'4" | 275 |
| 134 | Keandre Booker | Tennessee State | 6th | 6'3" | 240 |
| 135 | Kevin Harris | Georgia Tech | 5th | 6'4" | 250 |
| 136 | Antwan Davis | Florida Memorial | 4th | 6'2" | 235 |
| 137 | Kolade Amusan | Windsor | 5th | 6'3" | 240 |
| 138 | Reggie Grimes II | Memphis | 5th | 6'4" | 275 |
| 139 | Dawson Scott | Southern Arkansas | 5th | 6'4" | 250 |
| 140 | Silas Hubert | Queen's | 4th | 6'5" | 260 |
| 141 | Zach Kennedy | UC-Davis | 6th | 6'6" | 275 |
| 142 | Kaghen Roach | Abilene Christian | 6th | 6'5" | 255 |
| 143 | Myles Jackson | Tulsa | 5th | 6'2" | 245 |
| 144 | Dylan Wudke | Kansas | 6th | 6'4" | 265 |
| 145 | David Hoage | Northern Colorado | 6th | 6'3" | 245 |
| 146 | Ejike Adele | Dartmouth | 4th | 6'2" | 270 |
| 147 | Nicholas Engler | St. Thomas (FL) | 5th | 6'4" | 260 |
| 148 | Darrius Bell | Charleston Southern | 6th | 6'2" | 225 |
| 149 | Dylan Hendricks | North Dakota State | 6th | 6'3" | 245 |
| 150 | Malin White | Buffalo | 5th | 6'2" | 260 |
| 151 | Chris Walker | Tennessee State | 5th | 6'4" | 250 |
| 152 | Rakweon Ramsey | Missouri Baptist | 5th | 6'1" | 250 |
| 153 | Shemar Pearl | SE Louisiana | 6th | 6'6" | 255 |
| 154 | Darian Williams | East Central | 7th | 6'4" | 240 |
| 155 | Isaiah Bagnah | BYU | 6th | 6'4" | 245 |
| 156 | Zach West | ETSU | 6th | 6'1" | 225 |
| 157 | Quaveann Mitchell | Nelson | 4th | 6'4" | 260 |
| 158 | Ezekiel Holmes | Illinois | 7th | 6'5" | 270 |
| 159 | Fred Stokes Jr. | Prairie View A&M | 6th | 6'6" | 265 |
| 160 | Warren Robinson | East Texas A&M | 5th | 6'3" | 245 |
| 161 | Quillan Felton | Nebraska-Kearney | 7th | 6'4" | 245 |
| 162 | Luke Herzog | St. Thomas | 6th | 6'1" | 240 |
| 163 | Maven Kretche | Minnesota State | 6th | 6'6" | 265 |
| 164 | Kristin Booth | Southern Miss | 5th | 6'3" | 260 |
| 165 | Kechaun Bennett | Michigan | 4th | 6'4" | 255 |
| 166 | Orin Patu | Bethune-Cookman | 6th | 6'4" | 240 |
| 167 | Anthonie Cooper | Arizona State | 6th | 6'2" | 265 |
| 168 | Marques White | McNeese | 6th | 6'2" | 245 |
| 169 | Malachi Cooper | San Diego | 4th | 6'4" | 260 |
| 170 | Jack Quander | New Haven | 6th | 6'2" | 245 |
| 171 | Trey Sofia | Army | 4th | 6'6" | 240 |
| 172 | Joe Moore | Missouri | 5th | 6'2" | 255 |
| 173 | Jalen Howard | Central Connecticut | 6th | 6'1" | 265 |
| 174 | Chuck Smith IV | Villanova | 5th | 6'2" | 265 |
| 175 | Caden DeWall | Bethel (MN) | 4th | 6'1" | 225 |
| 176 | Marquise Fleming | Wingate | 5th | 6'1" | 235 |
| 177 | Shi Gaskin | Fayetteville State | 5th | 6'3" | 230 |
| 178 | Julian Rawlins | Davidson | 4th | 6'2" | 230 |
| 179 | Aaron Miller | Benedict | 6th | 6'2" | 245 |
| 180 | Eric Montes | Delaware State | 5th | 6'1" | 260 |
| 181 | Luke Schuermann | UCLA | 5th | 6'4" | 255 |
| 182 | Josh Johnson | Elon | 5th | 6'3" | 265 |
| 183 | Sean McLaughlin | Northwestern | 5th | 6'6" | 270 |
| 184 | Nana Asante | Morgan State | 4th | 6'7" | 230 |
| 185 | Nick Lardaro | Cortland | 5th | 6'4" | 265 |
| 186 | Jonathan Hammond | William & Mary | 5th | 6'3" | 225 |
| 187 | Curtis Fann Jr. | Western Carolina | 6th | 6'3" | 255 |
| 188 | Dre Miller | Army | 4th | 6'3" | 265 |
| 189 | Richard Kinley | Louisville | 6th | 6'3" | 235 |
| 190 | DQ Watkins | LIU | 4th | 6'3" | 255 |
| 191 | Dallaz Corbitt | Bethune-Cookman | 6th | 6'5" | 240 |
| 192 | Drew Tuazama | UCLA | 6th | 6'5" | 275 |
| 193 | Donte Reed | Mississippi Valley | 5th | 6'1" | 240 |
| 194 | Camden White | Mercyhurst | 5th | 6'5" | 265 |
| 195 | Dawson Dietz | Washington & Jefferson | 4th | 6'0" | 245 |
| 196 | Dan Toatley | Central Connecticut | 6th | 6'1" | 250 |
| 197 | Eric Cowan | Montclair State | 6th | 6'3" | 235 |
| 198 | Tavion Woodard | Boise State | 6th | 6'4" | 245 |
| 199 | Clay Patterson | Stanford | 6th | 6'3" | 265 |
| 200 | Warren Peeples | SE Louisiana | 5th | 6'2" | 230 |
| 201 | Tyler Wegis | Boise State | 5th | 6'6" | 260 |
| 202 | Darius Williams | NC Central | 6th | 6'3" | 255 |
| 203 | Holt Fletcher | Boston College | 5th | 6'4" | 255 |
| 204 | Ja'Markis Weston | Florida | 6th | 6'2" | 235 |
| 205 | Marquise Cross | St. Francis (IN) | 4th | 6'3" | 245 |
| 206 | Jordan Sanders | Navy | 4th | 6'5" | 235 |
| 207 | Demario Martin | Delta State | 5th | 6'1" | 235 |
| 208 | Jacardon Hardemon | Southwestern (KS) | 4th | 6'5" | 250 |
| 209 | Grant Ristoff | Notre Dame | 6th | 6'3" | 260 |
| 210 | Anthony Dye | Elizabeth City State | 5th | 5'11" | 230 |
| 211 | Caleb Sell | Linfield | 4th | 6'2" | 240 |
| 212 | Sam Shurtleff | Georgia | 6th | 6'4" | 230 |
| 213 | Tyler Rafferty | Army | 4th | 6'3" | 255 |
| 214 | Tyreik Norwood | Florida | 7th | 6'3" | 245 |
MORE 2025 NFL DRAFT RANKINGS
Traits That Make an Edge Prospect Great
Edge rusher is likely the most important position in the game outside of quarterback. Being an elite edge rusher prospect requires a rare blend of elite physical traits. Quickness, bend, arm length, and strength are just a few of these traits.
Some of the factors we consider when scouting are included below.
Flexibility
No edge rusher is going to be highly touted if they aren’t good at bending around the edge, quickly flipping their hips, staying on their toes, and redirecting to chase down ball carriers. Edge rushers need to react quickly and remain coordinated, while having the uncoachable traits to beat tackles 1-on-1.
Burst
Having a quick yet powerful burst off the line of scrimmage is vital for pass rushers. If you’re able to beat the offensive lineman to his spot, you’ll get in the backfield consistently and disrupt a lot of plays. Having a burst is a lot more than just playing with a high motor, you need innate athletic talent.
Power
Being an edge rusher isn’t all about the pass rush, it’s also about setting the edge in the run game. For that, you need a lot of power. Holding up against double teams blocks from offensive linemen who are bigger than you, or even pushing them into the backfield to disrupt running lanes is a top trait for defensive ends and outside linebackers.
Length
A big part of being an edge rusher is disrupting plays even if you aren’t making a tackle for loss. Length is the best way to do that. It will help setting the edge, knocking down passes at the line of scrimmage, and slowing down or tackling running backs through a tight lane.
Overall Opinion of the 2025 Edge Class
The 2025 edge rusher class is way strong than most people realize. You have a legitimate superstar prospect in Abdul Carter, but the sheer number of players who are worthy of being drafted in the top 100 in staggering.
It’s an especially strong draft if you’re looking for a pass rush specialist. The biggest issue is that there are a few more undersized prospects than normal, which might hurt them as run stoppers.
